Utilitarianism and Kantianism Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism and Kantianism EssayIn the history of ethics, two major viewpoints emerge the consequentialist and the nonconsequentialist. The consequentialist view is based on or concerned with the consequences of ones chipions, fleck nonconsequentialist views are not. One major consequentialist ethical theory is utilitarianism. This theory, whose principle architects were Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), derives its name from utility, which means usefulness. Utilitarianism is commonly found in two forms act utilitarianism and direct utilitarianism.Act utilitarianism essentially states that everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest good for everyone affected by the act. Fundamentally, this theory requires that each separate assess the situation and determine which act would bring about the greatest amount of good consequences for the maximum number of persons involved. While act utilitarianism sounds nearly ideal, at t hat place are several criticisms to this theory. For one, it very difficult to ascertain what consequences are good for otherwises, given that all individuals hold different nonpluss of morals, values, and beliefs.Furthermore, there is a certain impracticality in having to begin anew because not all acts and situations are entirely different. It would also be difficult to educate others given there is no distinct set of rules or guidelines. And finally, one must consider the rights of those few whom do not benefit from that action which will bring about the greatest good. To provide answers to galore(postnominal) of the above mentioned criticisms, rule utilitarianism was established. In this form, utilitarians believe that everyone should establish and follow those rules that bring about the greatest good for all concerned.In other words rule utilitarians, from experience and careful reasoning, try and establish a series of rules that when followed, will yield the greatest good f or humanity (i. e. never kill except in self defense). Associated with rule utilitarianism are some of the same criticisms encountered with act utilitarianism. Again, it becomes difficult to determine consequences of others. Furthermore, non-rule moralists argue strongly that there is no rule in which one could not find at least one exception.In contrast, one major nonconsequentialist theory is Kantianism. This theory, often called Duty Ethics, was formulated by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kant believed that zilch was good in itself, except the attribute good will, which acts in accordance with rules regardless of consequences. other human attribute Kant proposed was equally of importance, was ones efficiency to reason. He therefore believed it was possible to establish a valid set of absolute moral rules on the basis of reason alone without reference to God.Kants two requirements for an absolute moral truth include both logical consistency (cannot be self-contradictory as a state ment) and universalizability (stated so as to feed to everything without exception). At the center of Kants moral philosophy is the categorical autocratic from which all our moral duties originate. Such principles of morality are described as an imperative because they command a certain course of action. In other words, it is a categorical imperative because it commands, independently, particular ends and desires of the moral agent.According to Kant, these imperatives must be obeyed in their entirety, by all, and in all circumstances. For example, someone who is only inclined to be generous, rather than generous out of duty, is not fully moral. Like many other moral theories, there are several criticisms of Kantianism. In some circumstances duties, which Kant describes as universal, conflict. For example, should one break a promise (which is immoral by Kants standards) to keep another from being harmed? Sometimes it is impossible to ignore the outcomes of our actions.Kants approac h also allows for no exceptions which can result in negative consequences. Another criticism to Kantianism is the question of whether or not a qualified rule is any less universalizable then on that is unqualified. In other words, Kant never exalted between making a rule and qualifying it. And lastly, what happens when ones inclinations and duties are the same? Does that then make them an immoral being in the truest mavin of the word? Most would argue that it is better for someone to do something because they want to rather, than because it is their duty.

High school versus college Essay Example for Free

High naturalize versus college EssayGoing to College after so many years made me realize how different high drill is from College. In fact, many students that attend College straight after high school quit after their first semester of College due to the changes and difficulties encountered. There are various reasons wherefore College differs from high school. However, knowing the expectations and the culture of College in comparison to high school would help in a more successful transition.College differs from high school in many ways. However, students should begin their transition to College by first looking at not only what to expect from College but also what College will expect from them. As a college education is very important step to reach personal aspirations in the workplace and life. First of all, College offers an opportunity to learn independently. conflicting high school, College students corporation function with little guidance from their professors.As a r un, College students have to develop many self management skills such as getting to school on clock time, turning projects by deadlines, creation able to use electronic materials for the syllabus, clan outlines, online configurationes or assignments. Secondly, College has a faster pace than high school. Each college course is doubly faster than high school courses. In addition, College course usually requires more reading, more homework, and more projects. The workload is totally higher and faster and requires more time to study. The College books have more words per page, thus more chapters than the high school books.The language used in the textbooks is more difficult and requires more time to study. Unlike high school which has specific school hours 5 days a week excluding weekends College on the other hands offer more out of class time. Students can choose to go to school any time based on their chosen schedule whether is day, night or weekends. As a result of this freedom , College students have to learn to manage their time effectively. In addition, all high schools students must take the same basic classes in order to graduate such as English, Mathematics, Sciences, Physical education, world history, economics, foreign languages and other elective.College students on the other hand can take any classes based on their donnish major. some college freshmen start with beginning classes such as English, writing, speech, and Mathematics then they can choose any other required course based on their academic field of study. College students also have higher level of thinking than high school students. They are able to do research on a content and ideas as well as analyzing others ideas and interpreting and evaluating data from any given source. High school students on the other hands can only re-start and take ideas from others.Some of College students classes unlike high school class require research papers, presentation, and discussion in front of th e whole class and sometimes peer evaluation. Although College culture differs widely from high school culture, students can also succeed with improved effort and practice. Whether students attend College straight from high school or its equivalents or attending College after many years of working, going to college offers an opportunity to grow and to achieve goals. No matter what the background or motivation, being a College student will provide an opportunity to improve life and reach personal aspirations.

Satisfaction level of retailers and the visual merchandising

Satisfaction aim of retailers and the ocular merchandiseThis chapter is a check out of the central theoretical literature of satisfaction level of retailers and the optical selling and its impact on consumers buying behaviour which ultimately leads to increase in the security deposit of the retailers. The first part of this chapter deals with the some popular place of PepsiCo and the satisfaction level of retailers with respect to per increase margin. The second chapter examine the planogram norms of the company and it tries to find out whether or not the retailers follow it gracefully. The third and last part of the chapter examines the effectiveness of Visual Merchandising and its effectiveness on consumers buying behaviour. All these objectives/problems engender been examined in the hop out of pedantic literature and some of the facts turn out been supported by the data taken form the company i.e., Pepsico.To find out the closely popular sign of PepsiCo the satis faction level of its retailersMost of the manufacturers of consumer goods including PepsiCofrequently use intermediaries to sell their products to the final consumer. Intermediaries such(prenominal) as big and small retailers have substantial arousal everywhere the merchandise of these goods and hence over the ultimate consumer choice (Laland Narasimhan, 1996). Even PepsiCo is one of the largest networks of retailers in India (PepsiCo, 2010).The consumer goods retail market is characterized by intensivecompetitionamong retailers competing for a sh be of the consumers money (Albion and Farris, 1982). Retailers, generally, carry so many products, and on any given purchase occasion a typical consumer buys a sub identify of the vast number of items a retailer has on its shelf. Generally consumers are uneducated or uninformed roughly the mends of all the products they want to buy and subsequently select a retailer to shop at based on the announce outlays of a subset of the pr oducts they desire to buy. Given this, retailers tend to compete more(prenominal)(prenominal) aggressively based on the prices of a selected set of items by publicize these prices to consumers (Agustin Singh, 2005). It means that these retailers go forth sell more products of only those company which tries to call them happy through and through more or heavy margin.The items that the retailers select to compete on are those that most consumers de-sire and value highly. Since the profit from any client is the sum of profits from announce and un-advertised items, the intensity of retail competition, as evident from the prices of these items, increases with the amount the consumer will expend on the unadvertised items once at the stack a way of life. This aggressiveness on that pointfore translates into level retail mar-gins on these selected items since the retailers expect that consumers, once inside a blood, will buy non-advertised products as substantially on which the retailers make money. Thus manufacturers, who are more adept at using pull strategies to enhance the popularity of their product, obtain a signifi so-and-sot competitive usefulness vis-a-vis other(a)s. The positioning of the product and the image conveyed through advertizing act as drivers in creating this advantage which results in high in large quantities prices that these manufacturers sight even out the retailers (Lal and Narasimhan, 1996).The cost of acquiring new customers usually far exceeds the cost of retaining an existing customer. As a result, customer retention has become a managerial dodge that has spurred interest in understanding and implementing notwithstandingt in- dedication programs (Agustin Singh, 2005 Carter, 2008 Pan Zinkhan, 2006 Reichheld, 1996 Reichheld Sasser, 1990 Sheth Parvatiyar, 1995). That is why retailers are the most important link between the company and the customers.Manufacturer advertising too have-to doe withs prices and margins at both the retail and wholesale levels. The relationship between prices as well as margins at the retail and wholesale levels can be found in the economic science literature (see, e.g., Ferguson 1982 or Pindyck and Rubinfeld 1989), where it has been argued, based on the theory of derived demand, that the movements of prices and margins at the retail and wholesale level are necessarily perfectly correlated. In other words, if advertising leads to increased market power through product differentiation, both wholesale and retail prices in-crease, leaving both manufacturers and retailers with higher margins or if advertising leads to increased price sensitivity through reduced perceived product differentiation, both wholesale and retail prices decrease, leaving both manufacturers and retailers with lower margins.In contrast, Steiner (1973, 1978, 1984) has argued that it is possible that a manufacturers advertising can have opposite effects on wholesale price elasticity and retail price elasticity, implying that margins can move in opposite directions. However, he does not offer a formal model of manufacturers and retailers to support his arguments.Source (Lal and Narshimhan, 1996) in that location is scant empirical literature on the effects of advertising on margins. In Table 1, Lal and Narasimhan (1996) summarised the evidence presented in the literature on the negative association between manufacturer advertising and retail margins. Reekie (1979) shows that manufacturers advertising and retail margins are inversely related in a cross-sectional study of many categories. Farris and Albion (1987) find that in many nondurable consumer good categories, higher deformity advertising is associated with lower retail margins, though there were a few categories where the opposite is true. They also find that the negative relationship between manufacturer advertising and retail margins is strongest in categories with high penetration, non-food, and large category adverti sing budgets. Steiner (1973) uses data from the toy industry to conclude that the more popular toys (i.e., the more heavily advertised) yield lower retail margins. Finally, using data at the four-digit SIC level, Nelson (1978) finds that there is a negative association between manufacturer advertising and retail margins. The reader is also referred to Steiner (1993) for some anecdotal evidence from different industries on the inverse association between manufacturers advertising and re-tail margins. Support for positive association between manufacturer advertising and wholesale margins is provided in Quelch et al. (1984) and Narasimhan (1989a). Note that all these studies are cross-sectional and all these studies have focused on either the whole-sale margin or the retail margin. The one exclusion is Steiner (1991), who documents, using data from the toy industry, that higher levels of manufacturer advertising are associated with higher wholesale margins patch trail(p) to lower r etail margins. Taken as a whole, these studies demonstrate that in general, higher manufacturer advertising leads to higher wholesale margins and lower retail margins, though the effect at the retail level is less systematic. Thus we see that in contrast to the standard economic arguments, there is empirical evidence to suggest the possibility of an inverse relation-ship between wholesale and retail margins. The objective in this chapter is to revisit thisproblem and offer a formal model to explain how the margins at the retail and wholesale level can be negatively related. It shows that if a manufacturer can affect the intensity of retail competition, it can increase its wholesale price while at the same fourth dimension exert downward pressure on retail margins. Furthermore, It demonstrates that if manufacturer advertising can enhance the attractive-ness of the brand as shown in Boulding et al. (1994) (resulting in a higher willingness to pay or increasing aggregate demand for it s product), manufacturers brand advertising can increase the intensity of competition at the retail level. Finally, it is shown that even if there is competition at the wholesale level, a manufacturer with a more popular or well-positioned brand can use advertising to increase profits.The misgiving behind our result is the following. First, it should be noted that retailers selling a large assortment of goods cannot advertise the prices of all goods. Moreover, retailers need to advertise the prices of some goods in night club to make it worthwhile for consumers to shop at the line. Hence consumers make memory board choice on the basis of advertised prices and expected prices for goods bought on a shop trip. Given the fact that retailers charge and consumers expect to pay a higher price for the unadvertised goods, and consumers prefer one-stop shopping due to transportation costs, any effort by the manufacturer that affects the proportion of consumers who decide to shop at a reta il store for any given difference in the retail price of the advertised good would lead to an increase in the intensity of retail competition. Such actions by the manufacturer would lead to lower retail margins. At the same era such actions can also increase the wholesale price and manufacturers margins since these actions allow the manufacturers to recover some of the rents derived by the retailer on the unadvertised good. In other words, since the retailers make a higher margin on the unadvertised good, any action by the manufacturer that affects the size of these profits to the retailers allows the manufacturer to wield more power and set higher wholesale prices. We show that if manufacturer advertising leads to lower price sensitivity or increase in aggregate demand, an increase in such advertising would result in lower margins for the retailers and higher margins for the manufacturers. It should also be noted that while our work is silent on the exact role of manufacturer adve rtising, Kaul and Wittink (1995) report that one empirical generalization from past studies is that an in-crease in non-price advertising leads to lower price sensitivity among consumers. Finally, it is important to recognize that our result is shown to exist in a context where retail advertising has no impact on the demand of the advertised brand, and that our result would not exist in the absence of the building complex good. Moreover, the inverse relationship be-tween wholesale and retail margins can exist only for goods/brands where the retailer reveals price via advertising(Lal and Narasimhan, 1996).Previous research in the area of store loyalty focuses on customer satisfaction as a major predictor of loyalty (Bloemer Kasper, 1995 Brown, 2004 Cronin Taylor, 1992 Garbarino Johnson, 1999 Reichheld, 1996 Sawmong Omar, 2004 Taylor Baker, 1994). However, many companies rated high on customer satisfaction indexes showed poor pecuniary performance (Buttle, 1999 Passikoff, 1997). There is evidence supporting high rates of defection among satisfied customers across many industries (Buttle, 1999 Jones Sasser, 1995). Thus, the ability of customer satisfaction reliably and accurately to predict loyalty has not been unambiguously opened (Higgins, 1997). Clearly, the development and implementation of successful store-loyalty programs would benefit from a better understanding of loyalty, its antecedents and its wakes (Ray and Chiagouris, 2009). It is evident from the preceding(prenominal) news that satisfied and happy retailers would ultimately lead to increased sales. Higher margin per product or radical income of retailers from a particular product would to happy retailers. From the supra discussion it is clearly evident that If the company spends heavily on advertisement of on its product, it will increase total sales, which means it will ultimately more margin on total sales and in this way the company can make happy its retailers.The PepsiCo spends hea vily in India for its Pepsi Soft Drink, much more than its nearest rival coca-Cola (PepsiCo, Annual Report,2010).These heavy advertisements have a significant positive impact on the total sale of its soft bedevil over last year. It is a clear sign of happy retailers who are gaining low margin per bottle of Pepsi but in total higher revenue from its total sales.To check the planogram (POG) norms, whether the retailers followed it properly or notThere are many factors which are generally used to stimulate consumers purchases, including advertisement, product variety, layout of stores, merchandise appraising, services offered, and other marketing programs (Levy and Weitz, 1992) but space planning and store layout are one of the prime consideration (Yang, 2001).The layout of stores and proper space planning highlight the importance of service of the visual effect on the customers for shopping and the space productivity of retail stores (Yang, 2001). Planograms, typically,are used to display exactly where and how many items are physically placed onto which store shelves. Be earn of limited shelf space, planograms plays a spanking role for the improvement of financial performance of the company in general and for retailer in particular (Yang, 2001 Yang and Chen, 1999).There are two ways for retailers to increase margin (Profit). They will have either increase sales or by reducing costs. Cost decrease is basically operational in nature. It heavily depends on technology, management of personnel and efficient inventory management. Generally increase in sales is market goaded and can be categorized in to two different segments i.e., (i) in-store -tactics and (ii) out-of-store tactics. Out of store tactics is used to attract more and more customers into the store while in-store tactics used to compel customers psychologically to buy as much as they can, when they enter into the stores (Dreze, Hoch and Purk, 1994).Previous Space Management ResearchIn the survey of Space Management, the impact on sales of space management is very limited because of high implementation cost. The existing work methods can be categorised into three different models- (i) Commercial Applications, (ii) Experimental Tests, and (iii) Optimization Model. In business literature, applications oriented approaches are preferred because of its simplicity and the easy operation. For example, PROGALY Model ((Dreze, Hoch and Purk, 1994). ) is generally preferred. In this model, space is allotted to a product in proportion of total sales.Cifrino (1963) and McKinsey (1963) argued for space with respect to Direct Product Profit (DPP). Rest of the models have tough on lowering the operating cost and minimising inventory and handling costs (Cifrino, 1963).Planogram Integrity A serious IssueThere are many retailers who have recognised the importance of proficiently exploit their customer services in cartridge holders of intense competition. Confronted by the amplified pressure of fee discounters and the rise of a price war between supermarkets organisation on the one hand and the companies on the other hand since 2003, Indian Retailers want quality in their operations to snuff it large collection at reduced profit margins (PepsiCo 2009). Thus, balancing inventory and renewal costs, given a collection of wide range of products and the synonymic shelf space at the retail stores is rally an important task. Retailers aim at exploiting availability of the products in the collection at a marginal cost of operations. These objectives have to be attained on the shelves, where a particular product meets its customers. The amount of shelf space allocated to a product is thus primarily a consequence of marketing decisions i.e., the merchandising category to which the product is assigned and the allocated number of facings, which are the number of slots on the front of the retail shelf. This planogram on its turn govern the uncommitted shelf space for the operations. From both an operations as a marketing point of view, it is thought-provoking to scrutinise whether local managers are contrary from the planogram, to determine the lawsuit and to analyse the consequences (Woensel et al, 2008).Planogram integrity is the degree to which the planograms and its norms are followed in practice(Woensel et al, 2008). High planogram integrity stands for small/very little difference between planogram and the authentic situation in a store (Woensel et al, 2008). A planogram encompasses significant information for the accomplishment of operations. Generally, when creating planograms the retailers decides the collection composition, the location of products in the store and the amount of space apportioned to each product (Levy and Weitz, 1992).Figure of PlanogramWoensel et al, (2008) have get laidd empirical research on the planogram and data collected for ten stores in India. During this collection period, the stores were not allowed to change their mode/ e xpression operations. Moreover, the days were carefully selected such that the period of measurement did not include any periods of expected demand peaks/drops (e.g. no holidays). The data were gathered for Pepsi soft drink only.Woensel et al, (2008) observed that collection in the stores seems to be reasonably different from the one identified in the planograms. The main driver for this was identified to be the possibility to topically add or drop items from the collection. Also, categories with a larger collection seem to be more prone for abnormalities than one with smaller collections. This designates the drawbacks of managing these huge collections with composite flip relationships. On the locational level, it seemed that the abnormality is small (for the common collection in both actual situations versus planogram). The common of abnormalities could be linked back to facing differences. The foremost cause is due to the different shelving in practice than the one used in the p lanogram. Finally, also considerable differences between the stores exist some store managers follow the norms provided by the company for the planograms very closely other store managers do not take it seriously.The Root causes for erroneousness were typically associated to the local store management. Another vital aftermath is the acceptance time required for updating the shelves following the changes in the planograms(Woensel et al, 2008). Over and above these is no proper emergencees for controlling these messages was available to all stores, leading thus to a serious issue with planogram integrity.Furthermore high levels of inaccuracy in the real realizations are also ascribed to the insufficiency of incentives from the headquarters for enforcing the planograms. Generally, it is witnessed that the inaccuracy of the planograms is correlated to the regularity, the timing and/or the type of changes in the planograms. Of course, one should not overlook the strain in the followin g the planogram closely. Because of repeated introductions or de-listing of products and changes in style and pack size or the turnover of a product, frequent changes in the planograms are needed(Woensel et al, 2008). Without a detailed plan to implement the changes in the planograms, they might be postponed, not implemented in full or the local management already anticipated the changes before the company conversed with them(Woensel et al, 2008).It can be concluded that planogram integrity is a vital issue that requires a retailers management consideration. Woensel et al, (2008) shown clearly that common of differences relate back to facing differences. The second important issue is collection and display of products and third issue locational differences. From the above discussion, one can find four main drives for these differences, (i) Local Store Management, (ii) a substantial acceptance time for changes, (iii) diverse local situations that presumed in the planogram and (iv) la ck of incentive from the company. The foremost consequence of a lack of planogram integrity proved to be a significant loss of effectiveness both in marketing strategy as in the operational executions, as such indicating that planogram integrity is a serious issueThe Impact of Visual Merchandising on the Consumer conclusiveness ProcessIntroductionMcGolddrick (1990, 2002) argued that Visual Stimulation and communication are very important facets of retailing. This interest in the visual has combined to form the exercise of visual merchandising. This is demarcated as the activity which coordinates effective merchandise selection with effective merchandise display (Walters and White, 1987, p. 238). Consequently, Visual merchandising is apprehensive with both how the product and/or brand is visually communicated to the customer and also whether this message is decoded appropriately in this context affecting a positive psychological or behavioural outcome, ultimately leading to purcha se (Kerfoot, Davies and Ward, 2003). The consequence of accomplishing such a consequence has meant that within the retail environment, various procedures have been used to exhibit, merchandise and communicate products. This diversity in visual merchandising procedures has conceivably also stemmed from the vast collection of goods and services that are exchange by retailers.The progress of merchandising procedures and the proliferation of these methodologies among retailers have been well-established history. Baum (1987) accepted the significance of window display long back in 1897. Baum who was the founding editor ofThe Show Window,where he offered strategies for effective window displays where he provided an early chemical mechanism for the dissemination of visual merchandising best practice. This early publication evolved to examine display across the store and continued to offer advice for some considerable time (Law and Yip, 2004). The potential of display and visual merchan dising is so strong that a publication solely addicted for visual merchandising and display stated in 1922 with the title Visual Merchandise and Store Display.Nevertheless, the prominence of visual merchandising has been not acknowledgedmuch consideration in the academic world and in literature (Lea-Greenwood, 1998). The most notable exception has been within the US fashion-based literature, where a number of texts have been devoted to the subject. These though are primarily practitioner-based, highlighting again a need of attention from retail academics. This study represents a small step towards addressing this lack. It investigates the influence of visual merchandising stimuli within the retail store environment on customer perceptions and responses. In doing this, the research is focused on the potential psychological and behaviour outcomes that result from customer interaction with visual merchandising, rather than directly trying to establish what constitutes best practiceper seor manipulating visual merchandising techniques themselves.This soft drink and FMCG retail sector has been chosen as it has recently elevated visual merchandising to an issue of board level concern (Lea-Greenwood, 1998). The sector offers an ideal background in which examination of the impact of product display and visual merchandising can be conducted on customers, as the degree of retailer complexity in this area is likely to be higher than that demonstrated by companies in other sectors.Sproles (1979) has focused on the procedure, such as the effects of communication channels in current cabaret, the characteristics and the functional purpose of soft drinks. However, Hart and Dewsnap (2001) also established a decision- devising model to explain the behaviour of consumers through visual merchandising and store display. It was revealed form their study that there were interweaved a complicated set of interlinked aspects to affect decision making on intimate soft drink, and amoun t the factors, brand loyalty tended to be the repeatedly adopted factor to curtail the decision-making process and the degree of apparent risk while shopping intimate soft drink. Speaking from the View-points of marketing and consumer behaviour, the two models are adequate to explain the corresponding phenomenon (Kerfoot, Davies and Ward, 2003). However, cover from the retailing aspect, the environment of stores can increase consumers response (it may be positive of may be negative) to a brand of the product being sold in the store. To achieve a positive store environment, visual merchandising has been widely adopted by retailers (Kerfoot, Davies and Ward, 2003). Likewise, intimate soft drink has been going through a series of Soft drink treatments in recent years. Examples can be found in contemporary intimate soft drink brands, such as Coca Cola and Pepsi, Sprite and so on. Instead of targeting different customer segments by adding advanced functions to products, intimate soft d rink brands try to establish a distinctive image in consumers mind. In this study, focus is put on the influence of visual merchandising on store atmosphere and its corresponding impact on consumer decision making process for intimate soft drink (Law and Yip, 2002).Dimensions of visual merchandising and displayOmar (1999) advocates that there are three types of privileged display- (i) architectural display (ii) merchandise display and (iii) point-of-sale display. This study efforts on merchandise display the choice of a singular store to deliver the stimulus photographs minimises the architectural elements additionally, point-of-sale areas were omitted from the photographs to guarantee only merchandise display was considered(Kerfoot, Davies and Ward, 2003).The most important aspects within merchandise display have been acknowledged within the academic literature as packaging (Bruce and Cooper, 1997 Da Costa, 1995), layout, (Levy and Weitz, 1996 Berman and Evans, 1995), colour (e.g. Koelemeijer and Oppewal, 1999), fixturing (Levy and Weitz, 1996 Donnellan, 1996), merchandise (Davies and Ward, 2002), presentation techniques (Buchananet al., 1999), and so on. These areas have received varying degrees of attention as separate elements. Nevertheless, in fact, there is tiny work has been done that makes these aspects composed as merchandise display(Kerfoot, Davies and Ward, 2003). The examination of Influences, that such display creates on consumers, especially in term of brand communication and purchase intention, are lacking in terms of literature. Though, some(prenominal) of the elements of merchandise display have been scrutinised from an environmental psychology approach, as well as from a service environment perspective. These two related literatures provide potential starting points as each considers the physicality of the in-store environment and its influence on customers (Kerfoot, Davies and Ward, 2003).. publications ReviewVisual Merchandising is one of the most significant constituents in atmospheric management(Kerfoot, Davies and Ward, 2003). It embraces the interior of stores as well as the exterior of stores.The exterior of store comprises retail premises, window display, and facade while the interior of store embraces fixtures and fittings, store layout, and store highlights as well as wall display(Kerfoot, Davies and Ward, 2003).There are many constituents who governtogether store exterior and interior and it embraceslighting design, colour co-ordination, selection of mannequin and the application of design principles(Park et.al., 1986). A good assortment of visual merchandising with comprehensive consideration of proper cooperative expressions is very important, if retailers really want to project the best side of their company/store (Kerfoot, Davies and Ward, 2003). Consequently, customers could receive the envisioned message of stores or retailers through several different types of themes styles designed especially from suitable visual merchandising strategy and for influencing buying decisions and behaviours in a positive sense. Conclusively, visual merchandising helps to establish the complete image of a retail store in the mind of consumers(Park et.al., 1986).Kerfoot, Davies and Ward (2003) acknowledged that visual merchandising has many objectives, (i) Retail Identity Building in the mind of customers, (ii) influencing customers final decision to buy as many products as he/she can afford inside a store (iii) last but not the least, to increase overall sales.Visual merchandising pays its attention on numerous facets of customers, which include affective pleasure, sensory pleasure and cognitive pleasure (Fiore, Yah and Yoh, 2000). sensational part contains personal feeling of customers, such as response to temperature and noise, feeling crowded in a store (Ko Rhee, 1994 Hornik, 1992 and Grossbart et. al 1990). Store-related and product associated information can also be assimilated from storeen vironment (Baker et. al 1994), for example, searching a product that enhances ones self-concept (Kleine III et al., 1993). Also, window display plays a critical role in affecting store entry decisions as it is a very important information cue for consumers (Bettman et. al, 1998)There are many schools of thoughts regarding consumer decision process. The process of diffusion can affect consumptions response to different product attributes (Mitchell and Creatorex, 1990). The selection of promotional channels and the format of transition are the best examples. Similarly, there were other thoughts regarding general consumers decision making process. For Rogers model (1962), decision making was not longitudinal but rather cross-sectional. Following Rogers thought, Robertson (1971) developed a conceptual model with eight procedures (awareness, comprehension,problem perception, attitude, trail, adoption, legitimation, and dissonance). Nevertheless, Sproles (1979) established a specific fram ework for visual merchandising with ten procedures. The key focus of Sproles model was the relationship between the influences of communication channels in current society and the functional purpose of soft drink objects. Hart and Dewsnap (2001) conducted a specific study on decision process of purchasing intimate soft drink. His findings revealed that consumers had to go through a set of interlinked factors or relied on brand loyalty. In the light of the criteria, self-concept, perceived risk and consumer involvement were also critical in make the final decision (Law and Yip, 2004).While reviewing the current trend of intimate soft drink brands, being functional is the fundamental requirement of consumers, adding extra value to products is regarding as the selling point. In terms of functional aspect, mint flavour or Diet Pepsi using consumer care can be found in be on cloud nine brand. In times of readymade food and soft drink, almost every brand is using the same stuff. For exa mple Pepsi introduced the Diet Pepsi, in the same year Coca cola introduced the diet version (PepsiCo, 2010). They introduced in the name of consumer health and family sentiments. Though, there is very few research about the inter- relationship between the importance of store aesthetics and consumer decision process, as a result, the purpose of this study is to look into this precise affiliation (Law and Yip, 2004).The study is beneficial to retailers who are newly established or re-position in the intimate soft drink market. As mentioned, for consumers who have a high degree of brand loyalty, external factors such as store atmosphere, may not has a great impact on decision process. But, if consumers rely on peer influence, advertising or have no idea about a brand, visiting the store is the first contact with the brand. Having attractive human-like mannequins of film starts or popular sportsman/woman and matching with style and appeal can break the decision process (Law Yip, 2004) . Customers attention can be provoked at the stage of responsiveness but in a negative way due to the social and cultural constraint. Therefore, it is difficult to continue the decision process from awareness to interest.Hart and Dewsnaps (2001) study on consumer decision process for visual merchandising delivers a critical direction for pre-purchase evaluation. Paying a close attention to the interaction of cultural or societal difference and visual merchandising elements causes a great impact on final purchase decision.To find out the influence made by Pr

The Gospel Of Matthew In Depth Analysis Religion Essay

The religious doctrine Of Matthew In Depth Analysis Religion EssayIn my abstract of the Gospel of Matthew, I found out that it was written with a focus on the King and His domain. Significantly, the concept of the kingdom that ejaculates from the Greek word appears 55 times in the Gospel of Matthew, 55/126=43.65%. saviour pass waterly give tongue to that All authority in promised land and on earth has been given to me. (2818). Likewise, the terminal region of heaven transcends in the Gospel of Matthew by appearing at least 33 times. Interestingly, this phrase is found only in Matthew. In this sense, I reckon that Matthew introduces the christ and His Kingdom as the fulfillment of the messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. His approach to the musical mode of salvation is a call to repentance for entry into the Kingdom, to a committedness of a soulfulness to the King as His follower. savior stated humansy will come from the east and west, and sit down with Abraha m, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven (Matt. 811).It becomes advance that messiah not only moves the meaning of the Kingdom beyond the Jewish community, nevertheless He also moves the mission of the Kingdom beyond family ties. For instance, when deliveryman emphasizes on whoever does the will of My Father lays the meaning of Kingdom membership open to other people than the Jewish community. delivery boy took His allys to Caes ara Philippi to ask the question, Who do men say that I am (1613). In this context He stated that He would build His church in the world. Another idea is if we argon to be participants in the kingdom of heaven, then we are to live by the rule of the King.a) The Lineage of the KingMatthew uses language that relates the rule of Christ to peoples lives by mentioning the stemma of the King (11-17). The genealogy of delivery boy is presented in three sections with fourteen periods for each. The summary marks off fourteen generations from Abraham to Da vid, fourteen from David to the captivity, and fourteen from the captivity to the coming of Christ (117). Through this lineage God fulfills Hs promise to Abraham that in his seed, all the earth would be blessed and that the Messiah would come through the seed of Abraham. In addition, Matthew is masking deliveryman as born of Mary and not begotten by Joseph (116).b) The Birth of the KingThe birth of the King is referred to in three ways. First, Matthew heights out savior Christ as the Messiah (118). Second, messiah is the Savior (121). Third, rescuer is Immanuel, meaning God with us (123). In verse 22 is a statement much used by Matthew that is might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying Matthew selected a passage from Isaiah which states that the birth of the Messiah would come through a young woman, and that His name would be called Immanuel, God with us.Matthew quotes Isaiah as saying that the virgin will be with child, and will bring forth a Son (123). In Matthew, the word is interpreted as virgin. The birth of the delivery boy through a virgin is the biblical affirmation that God actually became man (125), and that God entered the world in the person of Jesus (121). Matthew affirms that Jesus Christ was born of the Virgin Mary. He also affirms that He was conceived by the Holy nitty-gritty (118), which means that in some miraculous way the Holy Spirit ushered the life of the eternal Christ into the body of Mary and here a person was conceived and born who is the true expression of God and the one expression of true man, Jesus. Matthew affirms that the birth of Jesus was confirmed by the angel of the Lord (120-21), and contextualized by the Scriptures (122-23).c) antics contract of the KingJohn the Baptist was upon the Jewish scene like a flaming voice from God. He came preaching in the wilderness of Judea, acclaimed by the people as a prophet of God (31). He saw himself as only a slave for the coming Messiah and as the voice to prepare the way (311). His ministry was respected and understood because people came from Jerusalem and from the total region to Johns ministry (35-6). His baptism was understood as a baptism of repentance (311). Matthew notes the character of John the Baptist as the forerunner of the Messiah. John was indeed a voice of transition from the old covenant to the new (111-14). John announced that the baptism with the Spirit and the baptism with fire as superior to his baptism with water (311).d) The initiation of the KingMatthew describes the transition made from John the Baptist to the proclamation of the Messiah Himself. John had been the announcer of the coming of the King and His Kingdom (412-17). In this passage, Matthew describes the context and content of His ministry. The context is Galilee with Jesus moving from Nazareth to Capernaum by the sea (412-13). Not only did Jesus begin His ministry in a setting where many people might hear Him, but His move to Caperna um from Nazareth was a breaking of the ties with His home and community. The content of the Jesus message is stated in verse 17. Jesus preached the same message which John the Baptist had been announcing Repent, for the Kingdom of heaven is at hand (417). The word preach is translated from the Greek word that means the heralds proclamation. I believe that preaching is an announcement with both certainty and authority. Jesus proclaimed the evangel of the kingdom (935).ChurchA significant emphasis in the Gospel of Matthew is the church. In all of the Synoptic Gospels, the concept of church as ekklesia is found only in Matthew. It is clear that Matthew introduced the church as the fellowship of disciples who evidence the rule of Christ, or the reality of the Kingdom. In this sense, Jesus introduced the church in response to Peters confession, as the ultimate redemptive purpose of the Christ. It was when He introduced it that Jesus also told His disciples of His coming death and resur rection. It seems appropriate to affirm that Matthew expressed the acts of God in salvation hi accounting. The church is not parenthesis in salvation history as we wait for the coming Kingdom of God, but it is rather the activity of the Kingdom of God in the world. It is this Kingdom that penetrates all nations, Jew and Gentile, to extend the grace of God to all people.a) The Disciple CommunityI believe that Jesus strategy to present His church was to develop a disciple community. He called a group of associates who would be with Him and learn from Him (413-21). Jesus began by calling Peter and Andrew (418). Matthew states that Jesus said to them, Follow me, and I will make you fishers of men (419). He was moving these men from their occupation as fishermen to recognize the vocation to be disciples. Jesus attached called the cardinal brothers, James and John, sons of Zebedee, from their occupation of fishing, asking them likewise to follow Him (421). At least the reference in Mat thew tells us that upon Jesus call, they immediately followed Him (422). Jesus called disciples who would in turn disciple others. He called them to be fishers of men (419). Jesus called disciples and asked them to put Him and His will above all else (818-22). Another clear example was the calling of Matthew, the value collector (99). His calling to be a disciple places the authority of Jesus all oer occupation. Matthew gives the list of the twelve disciples called by Jesus and gave them power over scummy spirits, cast them out, and heal sicknesses and diseases (101-4).b) Discipline in the ChurchWomenGod has created man and woman under His image. The writer of the Gospel of Matthew high demoralises the events when Jesus ministered to women throughout the Gospel. The word has two connotations. The first connotation of with the meaning woman in the singular form appears 9/49 in the Gospels representing the 18.36%. The second connotation of has to do with the term wife. This term appears 14/35 in the Gospels representing 40%. The last connotation of found in Matthew means women. The times that Matthew uses the term women in his gospel are 5/15 representing 33.33%.a) Jesus view on womenThe question that I have always had is How did Jesus view women during His ministry? In my analysis of the Gospel of Matthew, I found several references that serve as evidences that Jesus had a clear perspective on women. In fact, prominence is given to four women who are named in the Messiahs lineage such as Tamar of whom Judah begot Perez and Zerah (13) Rahab who is spoken of as the harlot of Jericho in Joshua 21-7 (15) Ruth who was a Moabite (15) and Bathsheba the mother of Solomon, the woman whom David seduced, and whose husband Uriah he afterwards killed in an attempt to cover his sin (16).Jesus elevates the status of women by stating that the marriage commitment is binding for life and that the only exception is immorality, which has already broken covenant (531-32 191- 12).Jesus made no distinction between women and men even though He often addressed men, keeping them accountable for their responsibilities.MiraclesJesus not only preached and taught. Matthew records that He healed all kinds of sicknesses and diseases among the people (423-25). His ministry was one of restoring people to wholeness. The man who preached radical change, who announced the Kingdom, was performing deeds of mercy. He healed and restored common people to wholeness and elevated them to a sense of worth. He restored their spiritual well being as He preached and their somatogenic well being as He administered healing (424). Matthew concludes this section to show how popular the ministry of Jesus actually was (425). This description is an affirmation of Jesus popularity as a teacher. He attracted people from all over the land of Palestine to both learn from Him and to be healed by Him (424).Furthermore, Jesus touched persons at their point of need and from that point of nee d led them to the experience of trustingness. The ten miracles reported in chapter 8 and 9 express Christs authority over disease, over demons, over destructive forces of nature and over death. They were performed out of compassion and confirmed the authority of the Christ.a) Healing DiseasesJesus expressed His authority in miracles over illnesses and diseases. After Jesus came down from the mountain where He had delivered His sermon, Matthew says that great crowds followed Him and became witnesses to His deeds (81). Matthew inserts the story of the leper coming through the crowd and worshipping Jesus (82), and Jesus reached out, touched, and healed him (83-4). Then, the writer inserts the story of the centurion climax to Jesus in humility and asking to heal his servant from paralysis (85-6). Without going to the mans home, Jesus simply said, Go your way and healed him that very second gear (813). Jesus also healed Peters wife mother that suffered from fever (814-17). There is an other miracle over paralysis in Matthew 91-8 that is more brief than that of every Mark or Luke, emphasizing on the teaching and meaning of Jesus acts. Later, Matthew shares three consecutive stories of miracles including the ruler of the synagogue, the woman with a hemorrhage, and the blind men (918-31).b) mold Out DemonsMatthew records the story of the demon-possessed. The Greek word indicates the presence of demons inside of a person. Matthew states that Jesus cast out demons with a word (816). In another account, the story involves two men who were living among the tombs that presented signs of violence (828). The men were so fierce that people were afraid to pass near them. There is an indication that the two demon-possessed knew who Jesus was (829). Matthew records that the demons came out and went into the pigs and the pigs perished (832). Matthew gives us another testimony of Jesus casting out a demon in a mute man (932-33).c) Miracles Over spiritWhile crossing the Lake of Galilee a great storm swept down upon them. The Greek word means earthquake emphasizing the violence of the storm (824). The disciple had great fear and awaked Jesus to cry, Save us, Lord we are perishing (825). Jesus first tested their fear, emphasizing their little faith (826). He recognized the faith they had, and He rebuked the storm (827).DiscipleshipThe Sermon on the Mount is recorded in Matthew 51-729. Matthew presents Jesus as the Messiah of word and deed. The sermon, as recorded by Matthew, includes numerous passages that Jesus gave, recalled by Matthew under the guidance of the Holy Spirit to give us a presentation of the teachings of Jesus. The message was given primarily to His disciples, although undoubtedly the crowd listened as he introduced the sermon (51-2). In presenting this sermon, I believe that Jesus called for a change in the thinking of the disciples about the Kingdom of God. Jesus calls His disciples to be humble (53), living with repentant spirit (54), s howing meekness (55), longing for God (56), mercy (57), purity (58), peace (59), and gladness (511). The calling of disciples was a central aspect of Jesus ministry.a) The Influence of Being a DiscipleJesus followed the beatitudes with two designations of the disciple salt and light. I believe both bear witness a service beyond itself, and both are important in human experience. Jesus addresses them as characteristics of the people that live in His Kingdom. In my understanding, when Jesus says, You are the salt of the earth (513), it has to do with purity, preservation, and flavor. The disciple as the salt of the earth makes the earth more authentically as it should be. On the other hand, I understand that when Jesus says, You are the light of the world (514), it has to do with radiance, openness, and joy. What an incredible calling from Jesus to His disciples to be salt and light in the world. They obtain the light from the One who is the light of the world, Jesus. For this light to be seen we live openly in the midst of the world as His disciples witnessing His ruling and presence of His Kingdom. Jesus gives a clear reminder about the harvest. Sowing and reaping go on together. Jesus speaks on reaping the harvest of Gods acts in salvation. The message to His disciples is clear the harvest is great, the laborers are few (937). With this in mind, Jesus commissions His disciples to have influence over the world (105-15).b) The Spirit of a DiscipleJesus introduces us to some of the more important ethical teachings in the upstart Testament. The first is the prohibition against killing (521). He teaches that anything that leads to killing is sin, and He calls His disciples to be free from anger and take the initiative of reconciliation (523-26). The second issue that Jesus addresses is about adultery and the importance of keeping the covenant of marriage (527-30). The sacredness of marriage is emphasized in the prohibition against divorce (531-32).Another teachi ng is that Jesus calls for satin flower without the oath. In other words, the disciple is to be honest and trustworthy making the swearing of an oath unnecessary (533-37). In addition, the disciple is to live by the high law of love and respond to the treatment he receives from others in a way that reflects the freedom and love of Christ (538-42). Jesus also teaches us on loving our enemies as an expression of Christ love (543-48). Not only that but He also calls to love on the very nature and confide of the Father (545).There is a remarkable teaching from Jesus to His disciples in regards to the relationship between disciple and master. A disciple learns and identifies with His teacher, and the servant is not over His master. Jesus calls them to continue to learn from Him, to continue to follow Him, to continue to serve Him (1024-25).c) The Lifestyle of a DiscipleHaving called the disciple to be mature in love, Jesus then turned to the matter of the lifestyle that a disciple sho uld have (61-729). The beauty of this prayer, called the Lords Prayer, has been the model prayer (69-13). In this sense, I believe that prayer is open our lives to God. It is inviting Him to acts in our lives. Prayer is relational (69). For His Kingdom to come is the experience we can have of His full reign now (610). He always sustains us with provide (611). He forgives us of all of our sins so we can forgive our debtors (612). It is a prayer to deliver us from the evil thoughts and actions we have committed and are not according to Gods purposes (613). Jesus also teaches that fasting is not to be a ritual, done by the calendar, but it is a voluntary time of meditation, or conscription near to God (616-18). In Matthew 77-11 there is a threefold command to ask, seek, and knock. These three words -, -, and are present imperatives in the Greek, which means incessant action (77).Another important aspect that Jesus wants as our lifestyle is our attitude toward others (614-15). Also in chapter 18, Matthew shares some very searching words from Jesus on forgiveness (1821-29). Jesus expects from his disciples to have clear goals in life. He said that where a mans treasure is, there his heart is. When ones goals are set on the eternal will of God, his values reflect the same (619-21). In fact, He states, no body can serve two masters (624). We should have clear that the disciple is to give undivided loyalty to the Master. On the other hand, I strongly believe that respect for others is an indication on our self-understanding. In this sense, Jesus asks His disciples to avoid prejudgment or prejudice from stereotyping people (71-6).

Kate ChopinsThe Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace

Kate ChopinsThe Story of an mo and Guy de Maupassants The NecklaceIn recent years, feminism has a complex impact not only on the familys sociology, but also on other areas of social cognition. Feminists now analyze the patriarchys origin a system of mens subordination over women, both within families and in the broader context of other social institutions. Anthropological studies show that all sufficiently learned societies were patriarchal, although the extent and nature of mens mastery in different societies differ significantly. However, in this paper, it is not important to dwell on the problem of the patriarchys ubiquity, but it is necessary to discuss the representation of g residualer business rack upices and spousal in different works of literature. For the best understanding of the topic we are going to discuss two works of literature, such as Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Guy de Maupassants The Necklace. It is obvious that both literary works share a common t heme, but they are different in their forms, style and content. Defining that simply a woman is a main heroine in The Story of an Hour and The Necklace it is possible to consider the statement from a female point of view No female domination we want to have in literature. It is necessary not to separate a woman from the literary process, but exactly to find her get into and designation in this process. It is important to fill the book and media not in female themes, but in the approval of the feminine world, kindness, mercy and tolerance.Analyzing two literary works in details we should think about their authors in general terms. First of all, we are going to talk about Kate Chopin as a enceinte generator of her time. Describing Kate Chopin (1851-1904) as the writer we can say that her name was included in the canon of an American literature and The Story of an Hour is considered to be a feminist reading. At the turn of the XIX century we regulate a situation when a wave of an ideological movement for womens equality has led to a change in the concept of femininity, which inevitably required its reading material. New Woman has become a major cultural phenomenon of the late Victorian literature. This is evidenced by the fact that in the period from 1883 to 1900, over un curbable hundred novels were focused on the in the altogether woman. Although Kate Chopin is treated as a cult figure in an American feminist literature, in her diary notes she describes her current work on the refreshing woman as the public fascination with hysterical, insincere and unhealthy patterns of career that some British women have entered into vogue in the literature. As any distinctive artist, Kate Chopin originally conceptualized topical issues of own time. Therefore, it is extremely important to trace the originality of the authors interpretation of female themes in her works.Thinking about Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) we know that he was a famous 20th-century French writ er, and he also was known as one of the fathers of the contemporary short account statement. Fame came to de Maupassant in 1880 after the publication of his novel Doughnut, the first evidence of his artistic maturity. In general sense, de Maupassants stories and novels are characterized by their efficient misfortune and economy of style. His numerous short stories are quite diverse in topics, tones (sad, gay, ironical, malicious etc.) and genre features. further most of them in the same way as novels combines the idea of ugliness of many forms of reality, brings a persistenting for beauty in human relations. De Maupassants unsurpassed skill as an artist was manifested in the fact that having an remarkably sharp observation, the ability to select the brightest speaking facts, the ability to generalize and typify he was able to reveal big themes and make important social generalizations utilize own small novels as a field for a research. Using The Necklace as an example, we see t hat there is no lengthy description and extensive features in de Maupassants literature. The essence of a man, the idea of the works literature derived from actions of dramatis personae and behavior. The main thing for the writer is to choose proper circumstances, to portray a situation in which dramatis personae act. It is unsufferable to leave without attention the fact that a major role in the novels by de Maupassant plays a storyteller. Putting the narrator into operation is not a new technique invented by de Maupassant, but in de Maupassants literary works the narrator adds a lively character, helps to create the impression of the reliability of what is said.The composition of his novels is always truly skilful. The main role often plays denouement that is always diverse, because de Maupassant constantly strives to ensure the intrigue for the reader, and sends the readers thoughts on the understanding of the ideological meaning of stories. Sometimes there is no denouement in the strict sense in de Maupassants novels and short stories. And The Necklace is such a kind of a story, because readers themselves should offer it.Continuing our discussion let us mention that The Necklace by de Maupassant is a short story-reasoning. From crude logic of a naked maculation, claiming that it is dangerous to borrow someone elses expensive thing, de Maupassant leads the reader to the social and clean generalizations that are characteristic for realistic literature. The writer never imposes his views to the reader, he tries to be as objective as possible, hiding own record in his narration. But his thoughts make the reader to think about life, and these arguments extend the plot of the novel to the level of social generalizations.Reading the story The Necklace by de Maupassant (1881), we see the place and role of a woman in those times from the first words She was one of those pretty and charming girls born, as though fate had blundered over her, into a family of art isans. She had no marriage portion, no expectations, no means of getting known, understood, loved, and wedded by a man of wealth and distinction and she let herself be married off to a little clerk in the Ministry of Education. In such a way, relationships between a man and a woman become visible immediately. Onega and Landa (1996) summarizing the plot stated that nonetheless though Mathilde is pretty and quite charming, she has none of the advantages of upper-class girls a dowry, a distinguished family name, an entree into society, and all the little fineries that women covet. Consequently, she accepts a match made for her with a clerk, Monsieur Loisel, in the Department of Education. The young woman has no freedom in her actions and her place in society was predetermined from the first age of her birth. She has married a man whom she never loved, but who was capable to take care of her. The story describes a situation when the above-mentioned Mathilde, wanting to shine at the ba ll, borrows a friends necklace. Early in the morning on the way home, she notices that the necklace disappeared. All searches were empty and she and her husband take a loan of thirty thousand francs to pervert from a jeweler the same necklace and return it without explanation. In a result, the family forced to change own life and work off the debt, but at the end of the story we see that the necklace was false and ten years of life in poverty were unimportant. This story has no end, but it contains rethinking What is the true value? Is a heavy, drab life of honest perfect family, or a necklace, which during 10 years is considered to be a bullshit more valuable? Maybe another writer would made history with a necklace deliberately funny and comic, but de Maupassant in this anecdotal case saw sad. He revealed an idea about the way how plurality should be happy and how it is unavailable possibility to be happy for the most part of population in his novel.In such a way grammatical ge nder roles and marriage is described in an interesting way in the story and the writer is convinced in a world ruled by money, it is low-cal not only to destroy all the best, bright dreams of people, but to drain peoples spirit and souls, to form in their minds the false ideals moreover, it is also very real and even easy to rob personal youth and beauty for the sake of something unimportant and false. In the hard world of material values, it is enough to find a fake trinket and become unhappy. Women and people with a fine psychic organization are unable to resist greed and envy and they heavier than others go through unjustness of social order. Of course, it is indisputable that the writers skill was manifested in his ability to show in a single life situation broad social and moral problems of family and marriage. equivalence de Maupassants The Necklace to Chopins The Story of an Hour we see extremely another situation. The original interpretation of womens issues in the prose of Kate Chopin entailed important artistic innovations. Thus, communication nonverbal components receive a peculiar(prenominal) significance as a compensation for womens silence. According to Toth (1999), a parody of a literary clich and a variability of a plot serve as a special form of cultural stereotypes alienation. Chopins story begins with the words Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to block off to her as gently as possible the news of her husbands death. Thus, it shows us that in a gender relation the idea of female softness and elegance was associated with the bodys goody and bodily weakness of women. According to Hoder-Salmon (1992) we see that likewise, her marriage exemplifies the status of women in the early twentieth century in that the woman is subject to the patriarchs powerful go away bending hers. Although Brently had never looked save with love upon her, he disregarded Louises happiness The lines of her face bespok e repression. So, a woman in marriage was like a tinkers damn in a cage. Observing the contemporary reality, it is possible to mention that disputes concerning a current status of a marriage and family with social scientists and in the mainstream press curiously on the collapse of a marriage and sexual behavior often have no historical objectivity. In past centuries, break-ups of marriages were very common, but largely due to the death of a spouse, and not as a result of divorce. This kind of divorce we see in our case and analyzing it Pontuale (1998) wrote that What becomes noticeable to Louise when she hears of Mr. Mallards death is a change in the prospect before her. Whereas before she had thought with a shudder that life might be long, she now saw . . . a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. And she opened and spread her arms out to them in welcome. We see how in minutes of great grief, the main heroine overcomes a woman obedience, renunciat ion of herself for the sake of the family, social conventions, religious dogmas. And in addition to this fact Chopin and Knights (2000) added that even natural landscape reflects the main characters new perspectives and opportunities The trees were all aquiver with the new spring life, countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves, and patches of blue sky were showing here and there through the clouds after the storm of grief had spent itself. Instead of hearing the story of her husbands death as many women have heard the same, with a paralysed inability to accept its significance, Louise is enlivened and motivated Her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every edge of her body. It becomes obvious that she feels freedom, not from her husband, but from the existed rules, norms and dogmas.Summarizing The Story of an Hour we see that it tells us about the complex mechanisms of self-discovery. Because the main heroine feels a lot of different emotions during th e last mo of her life when to replace the first reaction of genuine grief comes a strange feeling that she initially could not understand. Unexpectedly for herself in her soul appeared a sense of joy and happiness in an anticipation of life, free from someone elses diktat. Chopin (1894) wrote Free Body and soul free she kept whispering. An hour later, when her husband re turn home, who turned out to be far away from the crash site Mrs. Mallard dies as doctors ascertain of joy that kills. The last words in this context move particularly ambiguous. Compositional contrast images, landscape sketches, the logic of artistic details, comparisons, epithets everything is subordinated to a common problem expressing the main ideas of the author.Comparing de Maupassants and Chopins representation of gender roles and marriage we see similar features, because Kate Chopin was influenced by Guy de Maupassants compositional art and also visible conciseness and accuracy of descriptions, attention to details, a subtle pattern of psychological integrity and denouements mysteriousness. Contrasting Chopin to de Maupassant we see that an approachs specificity to an artistic understanding of a gender includes the fact that Chopins literary works sometimes explicitly, sometimes implicitly, focus attention on issues of self-realisation of women, the ability of the heroines to understand own personality and own importance, both within the family and society.Thus, taking everything into account it is possible to come to a conclusion that both literary works share the common theme and both authors wanted to prove the fact that women strive not for the domination in society, but for own personality cognition and understanding of own role in life. In any case, a woman should stay a woman, and all poets and writers are right face that exactly a woman is able to be kind, mercy, tolerant and make humanity better.

The Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

If you really want to know the truth, I felt sorry for the bastard.(54) This is just one of the colorful lines that is often repeated in J.D. Salingers The Catcher In The Rye. When the book was first released, it was considered highly controversial for its time. Many people tried to ban the reading of the book in schools. Although The Catcher In The Rye has truly colorful dialogue, and deals with crude topics, it still sells over 200,000 copies annually. This is why.Holden Caulfield is the main character in the story. The entire story is a reflection by Holden while he is sticking in a mental hospital. His story begins at a private school, called Pencey. Holden has been recently kicked out of the school for lack of effort and for poor grades. Holden dislikes ein truthbody at the school, mainly because they be ignorant and conceded. Christmas break is coming up and Holden has to wait until then to permanently leave the school. Then one night, Holden gets into a fight with his room mate. He gets so hurly burly that he cant stand staying there anymore. In the middle of the night, Holden packs all of his belongings and heads for his hometown, New York.The rest of the story takes place in the city, where the reader starts to see Holdens corked habits. Holden needs a place to stay because he cant go home, yet. The reason for this is because his parents have not yet found out about their sons expulsion. So Holden decides to stay in a low-class hotel. While in the hotel, Holden decides to go down to the bar. He meets three older women and chews the fat with them for a while. They soon leave and Holden is now very lonely. On his way back up to his room, Holden meets a pimp and then buys a prostitute. Once the prostitute is in his room, Holden gets an odd feeling. The more he looks at the prostitute, the more depressed he becomes. So he tells her to leave. Soon, there is a knock on his door. It is the pimp and the prostitute. She said that Holden did not ante up he r enough money. Holden refuses to pay the money that the prostitute says he owes her, so the pimp roughs up Holden. It is now evident that Holden is suffering extreme depression.

Feminist Art Movement Essays -- Cindy Sherman 2014

In the late 1960 to 1980s when the woman artistic creationificeists work scantily could be published, unlike the men, the feminists artists were spurned by the museums, galleries and many women. The issue was that nobody could see how woman had so much valued art works to show. simply the male artists were allow to be published as artists, while the women suffered of discrimination. What the women wanted was that the world treat them as equals to men. The woman wanted something different than the men. This world has centre on only the male artists and their work. The women were shrouded in silence. Linda Nochlin who is an art critic asks, Why have there been no great women artist? (Nochlin 2) Since womens art were degraded and rejected by the public, womens artwork was hardly published. However, with the hardships and the endurance of women trying to earn their rights as artists, the visibility of their art is brought out by the exhibitions they produce. Therefore, during the 1970s through 1980s, the feminist art movement was the turning point for feminist art to become more visible to the public. The notion of the feminist art was that in the social life, males were dominant oer females and men had more power than women. Lilith eZine (online magazine) argues, Feminist theory must take into account the circumstances of most womens lives as mothers, household workers, and caregivers, in addition to the permeating misconception that women are genetically inferior to men. (Lilith 7) Since women are inferior to men, womens art was ignored by the museums and galleries. In the 1970s, women artists started a protest against gallery owners for not exhibiting womens art thus this became the start of a movement called Feminist Art Mo... ...g inferior to men during the 1960s to 1980s, womens artwork was degraded, ignored and rejected. However, the continuous of women gather to have their rights that should already have been accepted, through the Femin ist Art Movement, female artists gained visibility. This movement was a big turning point and now we know who they are. whole kit Cited Douma, Michael. Cindy Shermans Untitled Film Stills. N.p., Online Posting to Color Vision & Art. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. .Woodman, Donald. Judy Chicago. N.p., Online Posting to Through the Flower. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. .Wright, Coroline. Why have there been no great women artists? An art historical question from a neurobiological perspective N.P. Web. 28 Nov. 2014.