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Utilitarianism and Kantianism EssayIn the history of ethics, two major viewpoints emerge the consequentialist and the nonconsequentialist. The consequentialist view is based on or concerned with the consequences of ones chipions, fleck nonconsequentialist views are not. One major consequentialist ethical theory is utilitarianism. This theory, whose principle architects were Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), derives its name from utility, which means usefulness. Utilitarianism is commonly found in two forms act utilitarianism and direct utilitarianism.Act utilitarianism essentially states that everyone should perform that act which will bring about the greatest good for everyone affected by the act. Fundamentally, this theory requires that each separate assess the situation and determine which act would bring about the greatest amount of good consequences for the maximum number of persons involved. While act utilitarianism sounds nearly ideal, at t hat place are several criticisms to this theory. For one, it very difficult to ascertain what consequences are good for otherwises, given that all individuals hold different nonpluss of morals, values, and beliefs.Furthermore, there is a certain impracticality in having to begin anew because not all acts and situations are entirely different. It would also be difficult to educate others given there is no distinct set of rules or guidelines. And finally, one must consider the rights of those few whom do not benefit from that action which will bring about the greatest good. To provide answers to galore(postnominal) of the above mentioned criticisms, rule utilitarianism was established. In this form, utilitarians believe that everyone should establish and follow those rules that bring about the greatest good for all concerned.In other words rule utilitarians, from experience and careful reasoning, try and establish a series of rules that when followed, will yield the greatest good f or humanity (i. e. never kill except in self defense). Associated with rule utilitarianism are some of the same criticisms encountered with act utilitarianism. Again, it becomes difficult to determine consequences of others. Furthermore, non-rule moralists argue strongly that there is no rule in which one could not find at least one exception.In contrast, one major nonconsequentialist theory is Kantianism. This theory, often called Duty Ethics, was formulated by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Kant believed that zilch was good in itself, except the attribute good will, which acts in accordance with rules regardless of consequences. other human attribute Kant proposed was equally of importance, was ones efficiency to reason. He therefore believed it was possible to establish a valid set of absolute moral rules on the basis of reason alone without reference to God.Kants two requirements for an absolute moral truth include both logical consistency (cannot be self-contradictory as a state ment) and universalizability (stated so as to feed to everything without exception). At the center of Kants moral philosophy is the categorical autocratic from which all our moral duties originate. Such principles of morality are described as an imperative because they command a certain course of action. In other words, it is a categorical imperative because it commands, independently, particular ends and desires of the moral agent.According to Kant, these imperatives must be obeyed in their entirety, by all, and in all circumstances. For example, someone who is only inclined to be generous, rather than generous out of duty, is not fully moral. Like many other moral theories, there are several criticisms of Kantianism. In some circumstances duties, which Kant describes as universal, conflict. For example, should one break a promise (which is immoral by Kants standards) to keep another from being harmed? Sometimes it is impossible to ignore the outcomes of our actions.Kants approac h also allows for no exceptions which can result in negative consequences. Another criticism to Kantianism is the question of whether or not a qualified rule is any less universalizable then on that is unqualified. In other words, Kant never exalted between making a rule and qualifying it. And lastly, what happens when ones inclinations and duties are the same? Does that then make them an immoral being in the truest mavin of the word? Most would argue that it is better for someone to do something because they want to rather, than because it is their duty.